ʻO nā pad brake nā ʻāpana palekana koʻikoʻi loa i ka ʻōnaehana brake, kahi mea koʻikoʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka hopena brake, a ʻo ka pale pahu maikaʻi ka pale o nā kānaka a me nā kaʻa (mokulele).
ʻO ka mea mua, ke kumu o nā pad brake
I ka makahiki 1897, ua hoʻokumu ʻo HerbertFrood i nā pad brake mua (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaula pulupulu i mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka fiber) a ua hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kaʻa lio a me nā kaʻa mua, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ʻoihana kaulana ʻo Ferodo Company. A laila, i ka makahiki 1909, ua hoʻokumu ka hui i ka pahu hoʻopaʻa asbestos mua loa o ka honua; I ka makahiki 1968, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pāpaʻi semimetal-based mua loa o ka honua, a mai ia manawa mai, ua hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o nā mea friction i ka asbestos-free. Ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē i hoʻomaka e aʻo i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka asbestos pani pani e like me ke kila kila, ke aniani fiber, ka aramid fiber, ka carbon fiber a me nā noi ʻē aʻe i nā mea friction.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pale pale
ʻElua mau ala nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hoʻomaha. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana. E like me nā mea hao kaʻa, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kaʻaahi a me nā mea hao mokulele. He maʻalahi a maʻalahi ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi e like me ke ʻano mea. ʻOi aku ka ʻepekema o kēia ʻano hoʻohālikelike. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe o kēia wā ka mea nui i kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu: nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka resin (nā mea hoʻoheheʻe asbestos, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe non-asbestos, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pepa pepa), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe metallurgy pauka, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe carbon/carbon composite a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe seramika.
ʻO ke kolu, nā mea hoʻopaʻa kaʻa
1, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā mea kaʻa kaʻa e like me ka mea hana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka pepa asbestos, ka pepa semi-metal a i ʻole ka pepa metala haʻahaʻa, NAO (asbestos free organic matter), ka pepa kalapona kalapona a me ka pepa ceramic.
1.1. Pepa Asbestos
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka asbestos ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika no nā pad brake, no ka mea he ikaika kiʻekiʻe ka fiber asbestos a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, no laila hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā pad brake a me nā clutch disc a me nā gaskets. ʻO kēia fiber ka mana tensile ikaika, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke kū i nā wela kiʻekiʻe o 316 ° C. ʻO ka mea hou aku, he mea maʻalahi ka asbestos. Lawe ʻia ia mai ka ʻaila amphibole, i loaʻa i ka nui ma nā ʻāina he nui. Hoʻohana nui nā mea hoʻoheheʻe asbestos i ka fiber asbestos, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO·2SiO2·2H2O) ma ke ʻano he fiber hoʻoikaika. Hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hoʻopiha no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā waiwai friction. Loaʻa ʻia kahi mea hoʻohui matrix matrix ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka mea hoʻopili i loko o ka mold press wela.
Ma mua o ka makahiki 1970. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pepa friction ʻano asbestos ma ka honua. A noho aliʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻoili wela o ka asbestos. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopau koke ʻia ka wela friction. ʻO ia ka mea e mānoanoa ai ka papa palaho wela o ka ʻili. E hoʻonui i ke kapa komo. I kēia manawa. ʻO ka wai aniani o ka fiber asbestos e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o 400 ℃. Hoʻemi nui ʻia ka waiwai friction a hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻaʻahu inā hiki i 550 ℃ a ʻoi aku paha. Ua nalowale ka wai aniani. Nalo loa ka hoonui. ʻOi aku ka mea nui. Ua hōʻoia ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka Asbestos kahi mea i poino nui i nā ʻōpū hanu kanaka. Iulai 1989. Ua hoʻolaha ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e pāpā ia i ka lawe ʻana mai, ka hana ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana asbestos a pau i ka makahiki 1997.
1.2, pepa semi-metala
He ʻano mea hou o ka friction i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kumu o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kuʻuna pauda metallurgy. Hoʻohana ia i nā fiber metala ma kahi o nā fiber asbestos. He mea hoʻoheheʻe non-asbestos i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Hui Bendis ʻAmelika i nā makahiki 1970 mua.
"Semi-metal" hybrid brake pads (Semi-met) i hana nui ia me ka hulu kila ko'iko'i ma ke ano he fiber hooikaika a me ka huikau nui. Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia nā pads ʻokiʻoki a me ka non-asbestos organic brake pads (NAO) mai ka hiʻohiʻona (nā fila maikaʻi a me nā ʻāpana), a loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau waiwai magnetic.
Loaʻa nā ʻano mea koʻikoʻi semi-metallic friction:
(l) Paʻa loa ma lalo o ke koena o ka friction. ʻAʻole hana i ka palaho wela. Paʻa wela maikaʻi;
(2) Kūleʻa lole maikaʻi. ʻO ke ola o ka lawelawe he 3-5 mau manawa o nā mea asbestos friction;
(3) Hana maikaʻi ʻia ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka coefficient friction paʻa;
(4) Maikaʻi ka wela wela. He liʻiliʻi ka gradient mahana. He kūpono kūpono no nā huahana brake disc liʻiliʻi;
(5) ʻO ka leo haʻalulu liʻiliʻi.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻEulopa, Iapana a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e hāpai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi nui i ka makahiki 1960. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pale ʻana o ka pepa semi-metal ma mua o 25% ma mua o ka pepa asbestos. I kēia manawa, noho ʻo ia i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka mākeke pad brake ma Kina. A ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa ʻAmelika. ʻOi aku nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ukana. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka 80% o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka semi-metal.
Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka huahana nā hemahema:
(l) He mea maʻalahi ka pulupulu kila, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa a hōʻino paha i ka lua ma hope o ka'ōpala, a ua emi ka ikaika o ka huahana ma hope o ka'ōpala, a ua hoʻonuiʻia ka lole;
(2) High thermal conductivity, he mea maʻalahi ia e hana i ka ʻōnaehana brake e hana i ke kūpaʻa kinoea i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hopena i ka papa friction a me ka detachment pā kila:
(3) ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe e hōʻino i nā mea ʻelua, ka hopena o ke kamaʻilio a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa;
(4) Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka "semi-metal", akā ma muli o kona kūpaʻa hana maikaʻi, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia nō ka mea i makemake ʻia no nā pad brake automotive.
1.3. NAO kiʻiʻoniʻoni
I nā makahiki 1980 mua, aia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka asbestos-free brake linings i ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kolu o ka hanauna o nā mea ola asbestos-free ʻole NAO type pads. ʻO kāna kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā hemahema o ke kila fiber single reinforced semi-metallic brake material, nā fibers i hoʻohana ʻia he mea kanu fiber, aramong fiber, aniani fiber, ceramic fiber, carbon fiber, mineral fiber a pēlā aku. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fibers he nui, ua hoʻokō nā fibers i loko o ka ʻili i ka hana, a ua maʻalahi ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana me ka hana piha maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka pepa NAO, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka hopena braking maikaʻi ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha, hoʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu, hoʻemi i ka walaʻau, a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe o ka disc brake, e hōʻike ana i ke kuhikuhi hoʻomohala o nā mea friction. ʻO ka mea friction i hoʻohana ʻia e nā inoa kaulana a pau o ka honua o Benz/Philodo brake pads, ʻo ia ke kolu o ka hanauna NAO asbestos-free material organik, hiki ke wāwahi manuahi i kēlā me kēia mahana, pale i ke ola o ka mea hoʻokele, a hoʻonui i ke ola o ka pahu. disc.
1.4, pepa kalapona kalapona
ʻO ka carbon carbon composite friction material he ʻano mea me ka carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna mau ʻano frictional. Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (he kila wale nō); Kiʻekiʻe hiki ke pae. He ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wela ma mua o ka pauka metala me ke kila; Kiʻekiʻe wela wela; ʻAʻohe deformation, adhesion phenomenon. ʻO ka mahana hana a hiki i 200 ℃; Hana maikaʻi a hoʻohana ʻia. Ke ola lōʻihi. Paʻa a haʻahaʻa ka ʻāpana friction i ka wā o ka braking. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻāpana carbon-carbon composite i nā mokulele kaua. Ma hope mai ua lawe ʻia e nā kaʻa heihei Formula 1, ʻo ia wale nō ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kalapona kalapona i nā pad brake automotive.
ʻO ka carbon carbon composite friction material kahi mea kūikawā me ka paʻa wela, ke kūpaʻa ʻana, ka conductivity uila, ka ikaika kikoʻī, ka elasticity kikoʻī a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he nui. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa nō hoʻi nā hemahema o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe carbon-carbon composite friction. Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ka haʻahaʻa;
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa ʻana (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka oxidation ma luna o 50 ° C i ka lewa). Nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ke kaiapuni (maloʻo, maʻemaʻe); He pipiʻi loa. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kahua kūikawā. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea kalapona kalapona.
1.5, nā ʻāpana seramika
Ma ke ʻano he huahana hou i nā mea friction. Loaʻa ka maikaʻi o nā pad brake Ceramic no ka walaʻau ʻole, ʻaʻohe hāʻule lehu, ʻaʻohe corrosion o ka huila huila, lōʻihi ke ola lawelawe, mālama kaiapuni a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia nā pad brake ceramic e nā hui pā brake Kepani i ka makahiki 1990. E lilo mālie i mea aloha hou o ka mākeke pale pahu.
ʻO ka ʻelele maʻamau o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ceramic, ʻo ia ka C/C-sic composites, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix C/SiC composites. Ua aʻo nā mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Stuttgart a me ka German Aerospace Research Institute i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā composites C/ C-sic i ke kahua o ka friction, a ua hoʻomohala i nā pad brake C/ C-SIC no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa Porsche. ʻO Oak Ridge National Laboratory me Honeywell Advnanced composites, HoneywellAireratf Lnading Systems, a me Honeywell CommercialVehicle pūnaewele Ke hana pū nei ka hui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa C/SiC composite pads e pani ai i ka hao a me ke kila kila i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa kaumaha.
2, carbon ceramic composite brake pad pono:
1, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pā palai hao hina hina, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o nā pāpaʻi carbon ceramic ma kahi o 60%, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui non-suspension ma kahi o 23 kilokani;
2, he piʻi kiʻekiʻe loa ka pānaʻi friction coefficient, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka hopena a hoʻemi ʻia ka attenuation brake;
3, ka tensile elongation o carbon ceramic mea mai ka 0.1% a hiki i ka 0.3%, he waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa ia no nā mea seramika;
4, ʻoluʻolu loa ka pedal disc ceramic, hiki ke hoʻopuka koke i ka ikaika braking kiʻekiʻe i ka pae mua o ka braking, no laila ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻonui i ka ʻōnaehana kōkua brake, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka braking holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana braking maʻamau. ;
5, i mea e pale aku ai i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, aia ka insulation wela seramika ma waena o ka piston brake a me ka liner brake;
6, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka disc brake ceramic, inā ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola manuahi, a hoʻohana mau ʻia ka disc brake disc maʻamau no kekahi mau makahiki e hoʻololi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-08-2023